Citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, has a segmented, negativestranded rna genome. A study was undertaken to find out whether aphids feeding on citrus plants could be vectors of the citrus psorosis virus in the citrus growing area of concordia, argentina. Seeds of some citrange cultivars are known carriers of the disease. Citrus psorosis virus 24k protein interacts with citrus. The pcr method successfully detected all positive control samples and matched the bioindexing results of the nursery. The remote citroid fruit tree glycosmis pentaphylla is a host of citrus leprosis virus c and exhibits novel leprosis symptoms. In the field, the most characteristic symptoms of the disease in adult trees are. Cpsv, the type species of the genus ophiovirus, is the presumed causal agent of psorosis disease. With some strains, the leaf symptoms remain on mature leaves, but in most cases, the symptoms fade with maturity. Citrus plants affected with psorosis are less productive.
In nearly fully expanded leaves, chlorotic fleck ing, vein banding and asymmetrical chlorosis. Citrus psorosis is a viral disease, transmitted primarily by grafts of infected budwood, or sometimes by contaminated grafting tools. Strong evidence suggests that cpsv is the cause of psorosis but kochs postulates have not been fulfilled due to lack of purified infectious preparations. Elisa, but only biological indexing, requiring 1 year, is the current and validated technique for diagnosis of. The coat protein cp, the most abundant viral protein in infected plants, has been used to detect cpsv by tas. Inability of the brown citrus aphid toxoptera citricida to. It is considered the most serious and detrimental virus pathogen of these trees. On green twigs the bark symptoms have been confused with those of citrus psorosis as the lesions become more irregular in shape 1.
Occasionally, the disease spreads through root grafting from an infected to a healthy tree. Psorosis article about psorosis by the free dictionary. Causal agent edit this plant pathology is caused by a virus called citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which is part of the genus opfiovirus, within the recently described family ophiovirae. First report of citrus psorosis virus cpsv in persian lime. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is one of the oldest known grafttransmissible viruses of citrus. If you have any questions about tree disease please contact our tree service to schedule an appointment. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and psorosis. The absence and the presence of cpsv were ascertained by indexing on citrus indicators, elisa and pcr. Biological characterization of naturally occurring citrus. Citrus psorosis is a serious disease affecting mainly oranges and mandarins in argentina and uruguay. In some types of citrus, the disease is carried by infected seeds. Citrus vein enation virus can cause swellings or woody galls on rough lemon or mexican lime rootstocks.
Thirty two indicator plants showed typical symptoms of vein flecking. Pdf detection of citrus psorosisringspot virus using rt. Citrus sinensis, a common host of citrus psorosis virus, exhibiting symptoms of bark and leaf deterioration. Diagnosing home citrus problems cooperative extension. Milne istituto di virologia vegetale, cnr, i105 torino, italy. First report of citrus psorosis virus cpsv in persian. Use of monoclonal antibodies to citrus psorosis virus for diagnosis. Psorosis citrus research and education center university of.
It causes typical bark scaling lesions in the trunk and limb of sweet orange, mandarin, grapefruit and other citrus spp. Citrus psorosis virus 24k protein interacts with citrus mirna. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus and coat protein. For many years psorosis etiology remained elusive and only in 1986 it was associated with the. Cpsv, the type species of the genus ophiovirus vaira et al. The citrus psorosis virus egyptian strain cpsveg was isolated from naturally infected citrus grapefruit citrus paradisi macf. Most isolates contained a predominant sequence and some minor variants. Psorosis is a graft transmissible disease, caused by a virus, most often found in old citrus plantings.
Biological and molecular detection of citrus psorosis virus in citrus. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Pineapple sweet orange plants were transformed with a hairpin construct derived from the viral 24k gene lines ihp24k. Follow recommended watering and fertilization programs.
Citrus leaf blotch virus causes a bud union disorder of susceptible scions such as nagami kumquat and calamondin on trifoliate type rootstocks. Pdf psorosis is a globally devastating disease of citrus caused by an infectious filamentous ophiovirus, citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which causes. Psorosis is a globally devastating disease of citrus caused by an infectious filamentous ophiovirus, citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which causes annual losses of about 5 % and a progressive decline. In nearly fully expanded leaves, chlorotic flecking, vein banding and asymmetrical chlorosis may be visible. Severe infections can stunt growth, and fruit yields may be. Pdf serological detection of citrus psorosis virus using. The aphid species used were toxoptera citricidus, t. There are several strains of cpsv, some induce severe symptoms, and others are mild. Persian lime citrus latifolia is the main citrus fruit exported by mexico. Scaly bark, ringspot, citrus psorosis complex, cpsva, cpsvb.
Citrus psorosis ophiovirus is a plant pathogenic virus infecting citrus plants worldwide. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and psorosis viruses within citrus hosts. The disease can be harboured asymptomatically in many citrus species. Commonly encountered citrus viruses and grafttransmissible diseases 2. Purchase certified diseasefree trees or budwood from a reputable nursery.
Multiple species of brevipalpus mites may transmit the virus. In 1956, research in arizona identified tristeza virus in meyer lemon, and psorosis, a virus like disease, in several old line citrus varieties including marsh grapefruit, valencia orange, and washington navel. Mar 12, 2018 persian lime citrus latifolia is the main citrus fruit exported by mexico. This is the primary way to prevent citrus psorosis. The grapefruit used for cpsveg isolatation was found to be free from ctv, cevd and spiroplasma citri by testing with dtbia, tissue print hybridization and dienes stain respectively. Current research shows that very similar symptoms formerly referred to citrus leprosis disease are caused by two completely unrelated viruses, a more common cytoplasmic virus called citrus leprosis virus c cilvc and a nuclear virus called citrus leprosis dichorhavirus n cilvn in brazil ramosgonzalez et al. Citrus psorosis virus infection leads to tree decline and bark scaling on limbs and trunks. The 24k protein of citrus psorosis virus is involved in the misprocessing of mirna and rna silencing suppressor activity. Effect of temperature on rna silencing of a negative. Citrus leprosis virus cilv is transmitted by the false spider mites in the genus brevipalpus acari. Patches of pealing or scaling bark on trunk or major limbs.
Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus essaid ait. Contrary to expectations, these lines did not trigger efficient rna silencing, and when infected with cpsv they showed a phenotype of exacerbated symptoms with a persistent and homogeneous. Cpsv is the oldest reported citrus virus, first reported symptoms in 1896 and known viral etiology in 19332. In experiment 1, 4 cpsvinfected plants bearing brca colonies were introduced in separated cages with 12 healthy madame vinous sweet orange mv seedlings in each one 48 in total.
Citrus ringspot virus has not been considered as a quarantine pest by any regional plant protection organization. It appears to be less common or important than psorosis a in most countries. We examined cpsv transmission by the brca throughout two experiments. Citrus is one of the most economically important fruit crops in the world. Contrary to expectations, these lines did not trigger efficient rna silencing, and when infected with cpsv they showed a phenotype of exacerbated. Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus researchgate. The aphids were collected from virus infected citrus trees in concordia and transferred to seedlings of. Psorosis, disease of citrus plant species caused by several related viruses family ophioviridae. It is transmitted in infected budwood or possibly with contaminated grafting tools. Citrus psorosis virus citrus psorosis virus ay224663, af060855, ay204675, af218572, af1491017, af036338 cpsv citrus ringspot virus lettuce ring necrosis virus lettuce ring necrosis virus lrnv mirafiori lettuce virus mirafiori lettuce virus ay204672, ah012103, af5259336, ay204674, af532872 milv mirafiori lettuce bigvein virus.
Fruit may exhibit a yellow ring shaped pattern on the rind. However, the psorosis virus causes wood staining while citrus leprosis does not. Uncontrolled citrus psorosis virus infection in citrus. Associated virus particles were first described by derrick et al. A viral biorealm page on the family citrus psorosis virus cpsv. Pdf first report of citrus psorosis virus in syria ali. Tennant1,2 dwight robinson1 latanya fisher2 stacymarie bennett1 dave hutton1 phyllis coatesbeckford1 wayne mc laughlin3 1 department of life sciences, the university of the west. In the field, the most characteristic symptoms of the disease in adult trees. Psorosis b, citrus necrotic ringspot, naturally spread. In 1956, research in arizona identified tristeza virus in meyer lemon, and psorosis, a viruslike disease, in several old line citrus varieties including marsh grapefruit, valencia orange, and washington navel. Recent advances in citrus psorosis virus springerlink. Cpsv virions are kinked filaments, 34 nm in diameter that separate into two components during sucrose gradient centrifugation 9, 18.
This virus is erratically transmitted to herbaceous hosts in. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus and coat. Pdf citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, has a segmented, negativestranded rna genome. However, citrus psorosis virus cpsv is a wellcharacterised ophiovirus that is. Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus essaid. We examined the population structure and genetic variation of cpsv in three coding regions located in rnas 1, 2 and 3, analysing 22 isolates from argentina, california, florida, italy and spain. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and. Virus psorosis dapat menyerang hampir semua varietas jeruk, hybridhibridnya dan beberapa kerabat jeruk. Tennant1,2 dwight robinson1 latanya fisher2 stacymarie bennett1 dave hutton1 phyllis coatesbeckford1 wayne mc laughlin3 1 department of life sciences, the university of the west indies, mona, jamaica 2 the biotechnology centre, the university of the west indies, mona, jamaica.
On the trunk citrus leprosis bark scaling symptoms can appear similar to citrus psorosis. Psorosis is a globally devastating disease of citrus caused by an infectious filamentous ophiovirus, citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which causes annual losses of about 5 % and a progressive decline of trees by affecting the conductive tissues. Citrus tristeza virus citrus psorosis virus concave gum citrus tatter leaf virus citrus leaf blotch virus citrus viroids citrus exocortis viroid cachexia citrus viroids i, ii, iii, iv, v bacteria citrus greening pathogens tested for tristeza stem pitting exocortis cachexia psorosis the florida citrus budwood protection program. Trunk and limbs will exhibit bark scaling or flaking, where the bark sloughs off. Bureau of citrus budwood registration the following pathogens, and plants infected with or exposed to the pathogens, are declared to be endemic plant pests and nuisances.
Cpsv psorosis elisa kit citrus psorosis virus elisa kit. The efsa panel on plant health performed a pest categorisation of naturallyspreading psorosis of citrus for the european union. Summary citrus psorosis virus cpsv is the putative agent of psorosis, a widespread and economically important dis ease of citrus. Brevipalpus mites occur on citrus around the world but do not alone cause significant damage unless the mite population is extremely high.
Rtpcr detection of citrus leprosis virus in samples from the northern region of brazil. Plant citrus so that the top of the root ball is level with or slightly above the surrounding soil. Given that the psorosis viruses are largely transmitted by bud grafts and not by natural vectors, the disease can have significant economic impacts on citrus crops grown from such grafts, including oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines. Mirafiori lettuce bigvein virus has a second putative orf in vrna2 that encodes a protein of unknown function. Citrus psorosis virus, ophiovirus, segmented negativestranded rna. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, is the presumed causal agent of a bark scaling disease in citrus plants. Association of citrus psorosis b symptoms with a sequence variant of. Psorosis is found throughout the citrus producing world.
Leaves may exhibit yellow irregular flecks, blotches or round spots. The causal agent is citrus psorosis virus cpsv, an ophiovirus with a tripartite ssrna genome of negative polarity. Abstract first reported in 1896, psorosis was the first citrus disease proven to be graft transmissible and also the first for which eradication and budwood certification programs were launched to prevent its economic damage. Pdf genetic variation of populations of citrus psorosis. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is the causal agent of psorosis disease of citrus. It is already quite widely distributed, and can be controlled by routine certification programmes. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is considered to be the most infectious and problematic virus pathogen of citrus plants worldwide, mostly in citrus producing countries such as north, south american and the mediterranean1. These two diseases were probably introduced into arizona in infected budwood and planting material prior to 1930. Transmission of psorosis from citrus to citrus by aphids. Some isolates of citrus ringspot virus crsv in texas were inconsistent isolate of crsv by leaf pieces to citrus seedlings and by mechanical. These two diseases were probably introduced into arizona in. Citrus tristeza virus an overview sciencedirect topics.
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